A 24-day feeding trial was conducted to determination of optimum time for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss ) larvae fed on Artemia nauplii and FORMULATED DIET in Ghezelparvar center, Arak. Rainbow trout larvae with mean body weight of 0/1±0/002 g were divided into 3 treatments (with triplicate) and fed on trout starter feed (group A), A. nauplii (group B), combination of A. nauplii+FORMULATED DIET (group C) at the first series of the experimental period for 10 days. At the second series of the experiment (11th-24th day), fish in group B divided in group B1 (fed FORMULATED DIET) and group B2 (fed FORMULATED DIET+A.nauplii). Also, fish in group C divided in group C1 (fed FORMULATED DIET) and group C2 (fed FORMULATED DIET+A. nauplii). Fish in group A fed with FORMULATED DIET at total period of the study. After 24 days feeding trial, growth factors and survival were compared. Results showed that the fish fed with DIET B2 exhibited statistically significant differences in final weight, FCR, SGR and weight gain percent (P<0/05). Coefficient of variation for body weight in the fish fed with DIET B2 was significantly better than the other treatments. There was no comparable difference between group C1 and C2 and also B1 and A in some growth factors (P>0/05). Survival in group B2 was higher than the other treatments (P<0/05) and the lowest survival was observed in group A. These results indicated that the use of A. nauplii from the larval active swimming onset time to all larvae swimming time and then use of combined DIET (FORMULATED DIET+A. nauplii) can improve growth performance and survival of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae.

Most hatcheries in China rely on live prey for successful rearing of fish and shrimp larvae. Besides the high costs, live prey with pathogenic bacteria also increases the risk of contracting foodborne diseases. More than 3. 5 billion large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) larvae (total length over 4-centimeters) were raised in 2016. However, no FORMULATED DIET is available for replacing live feed in early stages of this croaker so far. In the present study, a new microDIET (Yq) is investigated for rearing croaker larvae at early stages (15 days after hatching). A commercial import DIET (Cd) and live prey (Lp) were fed as controls. About 20, 000 larvae per tank were hatched from Ningde Fufa Fishery Company in May 4th, 2017. Quality parameters, such as growth performance, survival and three digestive enzyme activities were measured. The survival rate of Yq (58. 5%), Cd (51. 5%) and Lp (69. 6%) exhibited no significant difference (p>0. 05). Furthermore, the cost of Yq was only about 23. 3% of the cost of Lp. Specific growth rate in Lp was about 8 times higher (p<0. 05) than that in two other microDIET treatments. Tryptic activity was slightly higher than other enzymes’ activities, revealing that trypsin plays an important role in the degradation process of large yellow croaker larvae. In the Lp group, tryptic activity was 4 times higher than that of the other two groups. In addition, the activity of three DIETs on α-amylase and lipase activities were not significantly different (p>0. 05). The high survival rate and low cost of Yq showed that it is suitable in rearing Larimichthys crocea larvae at the early stages.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a reversible disease that is mainly a result of high-fat DIETs in humans. This study aims to induce fatty liver by formulating a high-fat DIET in rats to provide a simple and accessible model for investigating various aspects of this disease.METHODS: This experimental study was conducted using 18 male Wistar rats weighing 180±20 g, randomly divided into two groups (n=9). One group was fed with standard DIET whereas the other group was fed with high-fat DIET (based on animal fat and cholesterol) for 10 weeks. After this period, variables of weight change, glucose, liver enzymes and serum lipid profile were measured and histopathological changes in the liver tissue were investigated and compared between the two groups.FINDINGS: At the end of the tenth week, the mean triglycerides and serum cholesterol were 53.71±9.1 mg/dl and 56.42±5.7 mg/dl, respectively in control group, revealing a significant difference compared with the high-fat group (90.85±13.4 mg/dl and 94.28±9.9 mg/dl, respectively) (p<0.05). The level of aspartate aminotransferase increased from 89.85±12.7 IU/L in the control group to 147.84±17.8 IU/L in the high-fat group. Moreover, the level of alanine aminotransferase increased from 46.28±7.2 IU/L in the control group to 86.85±9.2 IU/L in the high-fat group, which was statically significant (p<0.01). In addition, histopathological changes in liver including fat vacuole and hepatocyte swelling were observed in the high-fat group.CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, a FORMULATED high-fat DIET can well induce a non-alcoholic fatty liver in rats.

Co-feeding of fish larvae with live food and FORMULATED DIET has been at the focus of fish nutritionists since last decade. In this study we tried to refine the feeding practices of great beluga sturgeon (Huso huso) larvae using different combinations of newly hatched Artemia urmiana nauplii and trout starter DIET. Three replicate groups (250 fish/replicate) of first-feeding Huso huso larvae were fed on the basis of four main feeding regimens: (1) live food (live nauplii of brine shrimp Artemia urmiana); (2) indirect transition (5 days live food followed by gradual transition to FORMULATED DIET); (3) direct transition (using different combinations of live and FORMULATED DIET from start feeding); (4) FORMULATED feed (FD). It was found that combining live food and manufactured DIETs (co-feeding) from first feeding stage (direct transition) significantly improves the weight gain in H. huso larvae followed by indirect transition, live food and FD. But survival was significantly higher in larvae fed on pure live food and direct transition regimens compared to indirect transition and FD. It was concluded that co-feeding of H. huso could be started immediately from commencement of exogenous feeding.

The study was carried out to evaluate the effects of varying stocking densities on the growth performance and nutrition indices on Huso huso fingerlings during the acclimation to the FORMULATED DIET. This study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase of study, 252 Huso huso with the mean weight of 3.3±1.9 g (Mean±SD) were stocked in two different conditions (fresh water and brackish water) at three different stocking densities. The stocking densities were 150 (n=42), 250 (n=78) and 450 (n=132) g/m2 in the first phase. In the second phase of experiment, 522 Huso huso (5.9±1.1 g) (Mean±SD) were reared at 500 (n=84), 1000 (n=168) and 1500 (n=270) g/m2 stocking densities. The adaptation period to the FORMULATED DIET was 20 days. Results showed that the highest growth was recorded in H. huso stocked at 1000 g m-2 in brackish water which was significantly higher (P<0.5) than that recorded in freshwater suggesting the advantage of rearing H. huso in brackish water at improved density of 1000 g m-2. Results obtained from total length in juvenile H. huso conform to these results. Low specific growth rate (SGR) was reported with a stocking density of 1500 g m-2 in freshwater which was not significantly different from that in brackish water. Hence rearing juvenile H. huso in brackish water at high densities (1500 g m-2) is preferred to rearing in freshwater as H. huso is more capable of adapting to stressful conditions of stocking density in brackish water. Similar trends were observed for percentage body weight increase (BWI%) showing the advantage of using a stocking density of 1000 g m-2 in brackish water. According to the results of this study, Huso huso with a mean weight of 3-5 g can feed on dry FORMULATED DIET completely during a period of 20 days.

A 90-day feeding trial was run to evaluate the effect of replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with sesame seed cake (SSC) at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% in the isonitrogenous (30% crude protein) and iso-lipidic (8% crude lipid) experimental DIETs on growth, nutrient and economic efficiency, and biochemical body composition of juvenile Cyprinus carpio. Common carp with an average initial weight of 83. 09±0. 06 g with a density of 30 numbers were randomly fed experimental DIETs in 15 tanks (300 L) with the flow-through system. The results showed that survival and growth rate, visceral indices, and proximate biochemical composition of the whole body and the fillet except protein did not significant between treatments. The feed intake, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio, calcium and phosphorus, nitrogen retention efficiency, nitrogen wastage except for SSC25, and phosphorus wastage except for SSC25 and SSC50 were not significantly affected by the DIETary treatments. Economic conversion ratio of DIETs decreased, whereas profit index increased with increasing levels of DIETary SSC. Reduced cost of SSC100 was about 35. 10%. The number of white blood cells was significantly higher in SSC0 than in other experimental treatments. Hemoglobin was higher in SSC75 than in SSC0. Among serum parameters, cholesterol was significantly lower in SSC0 treatment than in SSC25 treatment. Comparable growth performance, nutrient wastage, economic efficiency, and some blood factors indicated that SBM could be replaced by 75 to 100% SSC in the FORMULATED DIET of C. carpio juveniles.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of feeding with different types and combinations of live feeds on the performance of juvenile Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) during the transition to a FORMULATED DIET. The experiment was performed in two phases. Fish (average body weight of 7.26±0.00 g and average body length of 8.47 ± 0.12 cm) first fed three live feeds including frozen Chironomid larvae (CH), frozen Artemia biomass (A) and the combination of CH+A (M) in 11 days. Fish were then transited to FORMULATED DIET during days 12-30. At the end of each two-phase, growth indices and whole body chemical composition (percentage of crude protein, crude lipid, moisture, and ash) were analyzed. No significant differences were detected in final weight or other growth indices (P>0.05). The survival rate showed no significant difference in CH (97.27±0.91%), A (95.46±0.91%), and M (97.28±2.73%) groups (P>0.05). There was also no significant difference among the groups in term of moisture, crude lipid, and ash contents (P>0.05); however, the protein content was significantly higher in CH (18.18±0.05%) than M (15.75±0.52%) (P<0.05). According to the obtained results, administration of frozen Chironomid larvae alone is recommended to the adaptation of Eurasian perch to the FORMULATED DIET, due to positive effects on survivability, growth rate and enhancing whole-body protein content.

religious experience was brought to fore in philosophy of religion with a romantist approach at the beginning of 19th century by Schleiermacher with the aim of drawing attention to the relation between religion and emotions and search of its core in depth of religious feelings (experiences and moments). In twentieth century esp. in the second half of it, however, Religious experience is conceptually developed by analytic philosophers and was epistemologically interesting and more due to the role it can play in supporting and justifying the rationality of religious beliefs. Some thinkers have rejected its demonstrative force, and others including Maverdos have taken affirmative stance and in this way tried to make a foundation for faith in God. The result of such endeavors is the argument from religious experience.The present article is an attempt to study statement of the argument by Maverdos which contains interesting and precise points with reference to other versions of the argument including Alston's and Plantinga's, shedding light on the status of the argument in Islamic thought and the reason why it has been neglected. Critique on Chisholm's view on proper stimuli of senses, the plan of universal and partial data balance, role of judgment in determining the nature of experience and finally the problem of directness or otherwise is a psychological problem are among important matters discussed by Maverdos.